Sudhir is on Traity

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CUMULATIVE RECORD (NON- TESTING TECHNIQUE)

CUMULATIVE RECORD:

The cumulative record is device for recording information about the student, which is collected from different sources over a period of time. These information are essential for guidance and counseling of the students.

According to Ruth Strang there are the following uses of cumulative records for the guidance program:

• Holding conferences with parents about the student’s programs.

• Adapting instruction in the classroom, students needs, abilities and interests.

• Helping students to make important choice or decisions such as:

• Choice of course

• Change of course

• Choice of vocational field

• Decision to leave school

• Helping students in solving their problems of adjustment in the school, home or society.

• Supplying information to the youth employment service regarding student’s suitability for certain type of jobs.

DEFINITATIONS

• According to Allen, “The cumulative record is defined as a record of information concerned with appraisal of the individual pupil-usually kept on a card kept in one place.”

• According to Jane Warters, “All important information regarding a pupil observation interview, case study and other methods.”

According to Mure Thomas, “It is information about a pupil collected during a long period.”

IMPORTANCE OF CUMULATIVE RECORDS

• Simple and complete information

• Factual information

• Secrecy

• Full record

• Based on all round development

• Re- evaluation

• Continuity

• Group- based evaluation

• Usefulness 

TYPES OF CUMULATIVE RECORDS

Simple card record:-  It is single sheet information recorded on both side.

• Pocket folders:-  It is a folder with a number of pockets posted inside and different information can be kept.

• Cumulative folder:-  This folder can keep maximum informatio. 

Conclusion 

      the cumulative records serve as a well arranged store- house of all the information regarding the students. It is based on factual information, and there is also need to mention secrecy of information. There should be the importance of usefulness of cumulative records so it may be used properly. It’s content should be proper and systematically. 

References

Valiya (2012)   "Guidance and counselling."

Bhatiya(2011)  "Educational Psychology."

Valiya (2012)   "Educational Psychology."

Equality of Educational Opportunities

     What is Equality of Educational Opportunity?

One of the stark realities of human society is inequality or what the sociologists call social stratification.  It has been existing in some form or other in all societies.  In India inequality of educational opportunities is a reality that has been existing for generations.  In the traditional caste system education was the prerogative of the upper castes.  The British policy of providing English education to the elite resulted in direct neglect of mass education.  The British policy, therefore, accentuated the inequality of educational opportunities imposed by the traditional caste system.  In India, inequality of educational opportunities has been inherited from our past generations. 

       After independence we adopted a Constitution.  The Preamble of the Indian Constitution emphasizes equality of status and of opportunity.  Article 15 provides.  The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of the advancement of women, children,  SC and ST.  In spite of all this inequality still exists.

What is Inequality?

Inequality means that certain individuals or groups in a society are in a relatively disadvantageous situation in regard to access to and possession of various societal resources such as wealth, power, education and occupation.  In the sphere of education some have no access to school, and some have limited access.  Some children get all the opportunities to receive education of the type they need.  Some children do not get the opportunity for receiving the basic education.  In some cases so many opportunities are available that children have to choose to decide.  In other cases children have no option than to accept what is even undesirable.

What is Equality?

To put in simple words, equality is said to exist only when inequality has been removed.  But in reality inequality is not totally eliminated.  Whatever measures may be taken to ensure equality, inequality will exist to some degree.  Thus what the programmes of equality do or can do is to narrow down the inequalities.  It means “elimination of that level or type of inequality which is considered undesirable or unacceptable within the society.”   Thus the pursuit of equality aims not at total equality in the philosophical sense, but at an equitable distribution societal resources.

      Modern society views education as an important societal resource and a means of achieving the goal of egalitarianism.  Education is looked upon as a means of raising the social status of an individual in various ways.   It is accepted as a basic human need to have a desirable quality of life.  Given equal opportunity for general, vocational, technical and professional education most citizens can have equal status in the society.  Education is often considered as an equalizer.

     Education can be expected to function as an equalizer in the context of equality of opportunity in education.  Equality of educational opportunities means that every child has a right to education.  No individual is deemed access to any level or type of education or is handicapped in educational achievements solely on account of his personal attributes or primordial identities.  “Equality of educational opportunities is one of the goals of the ideology of egalitarianism.  However, inequality of educational opportunities exists throughout the world and more so in India.

     These considerations imply that we have to give equal chance to every citizen for the development of his or her capacity or ability, and nothing should be allowed to obstruct one’s path of development.  Particularly special attention is to be given to the underprivileged, the disadvantaged, the disabled, women and other children from backward communities.

Need/ Importance of Equalization of Educational Opportunities:

The Education Commission (1964-66) has observed:  “One of the important social objectives of education is to equalize opportunity, enabling the backward of underprivileged classes and individuals to use education as lever for the improvement of their condition.  Every society that values social justice and is anxious to improve the lot of the common man and cultivate all available talent must ensure progressive equality of opportunity to all sections of the population.  This is the only guarantee for the building up of an egalitarian and Equality of educational opportunities. The observation of Kothari Commission indicates the need of importance of equalization of educational opportunities as follows:

I.It is needed for the establishment of an egalitarian society.

II.It is needed for the success of democracy.

III. It is needed to ensure social and economic development of our country.

IV.     It is needed to identify the talent in various fields.

V.  It is needed to develop human resources and to meet the man power needs of our country.

VI. It is needed to promote social justice.

VII. It is needed to minimize the educational gap between the privileged and the underprivileged.

Causes of Inequality in respect of education opportunities:

A large number of factors are responsible for inequality in respect of educational opportunities.  Some of the notable causes of inequality are as follows:

I. Absence of the National system of Education.  At present our eduation system has not been nationalized.  Both public  and private agencies are at work in the area of school Education is the greatest obstacle in the way of equality of educational opportunities.

II. Regional Imbalance:  There are regional imbalances in educational opportunities in different States, different districts and blocks.  There are areas where facilities for higher education are not available.  Even there are areas having no facility for elementary education.  In some areas primary schools exist, but they are incomplete.  In these areas boys and girls do not get equal opportunity for education. 

III. Poverty of Parents:  Poverty of parents is a major cause of inequality of educational opportunities.  Children from poor families fail to attend educational institutions where education/training is expensive.  Children from affluent families get all facilities which they need -  text books, work books, dress and everything which poor children do not get.

IV.   Differential Standard of Educational Institutions:  Children from poor families receive education in substandard institutions which are not properly equipped with teachers, teaching aids and apparatus.  Usually urban schools and colleges are of better standard than rural schools and colleges.  Differences in the standard of educational institutions ultimately cause inequality in the standard of students.

V.   Differences in the Home Environment:  Inequality also arises from differences in the home environment of children.  In most of the families parents are illiterate and their children are first generation learners.  These children do not get the needed encouragement, help and academic support from parents.  On the contrary children from educated families get all the support and encouragement from their parents for their education.  This causes inequality among children. 

VI.  Gender Disparity:  Another cause of educational inequality is the wide disparity between the education of boys and girls at all stages also causes inequality in all areas of education.   Usually parents value more and take care of education of their sons, which the girl child in the family is neglected.  The curriculum is also not suited to the needs and problems of the girls.  In many cases expectation of parents and teachers for their sons and daughters also vary.  Teachers’ expectation and parental expectation are reflected in children’s performance. 

VII.  Disparity between the Advantaged and the Disadvantaged:  Disparity between the upper class and lower class of the society is always been a crucial issue.  In the sphere of education also disparity exists between the advantaged community or the upper class and the disadvantaged community or the lower class.  Educational expansion and other educational measures are found mostly in advantaged communities and are meant for upper class children.  The disadvantaged groups, particularly the SC and ST are deprived of all developmental programmes.  Even in some cases such children do not have the opportunities for minimum education – elementary education.

References

Chaube, S.P (2006) "Foundations of Education", vikas publishing house pvt ltd, A-22, Sector-4, Noida- 201301 (up)
NCTE-2009

Virtual Class a futuristic approach

When we are talking about virtual class then suddenly a point reflects us in our mind 

i.e. 

What kind of learning there will be in virtual classrooms?  And is there any classroom or not?  Then the answer comes itself that we are becoming very much familiar with the virtual class in present scenario:

e.g.

• Google
• Whatsapp
• Facebook
• Slide share
• Online learning sources 
• Online web learning
• Discussing problems with our teachers on WhatsApp and Facebook
• Using different apps for learning
• Following different websites for online learning and teaching

Thus all of these sources are telling us that in future it may be possible that the schools will not be there and perhaps it might be turned into a website. 

Let's talk about the primitive way of learning when we are in the stone age.  

• What do we do in that era?
• What ways do we adopt for learning?
• Where the process of teaching and learning is done?
• Who provides the subject matter?
• Who makes the curriculum and syllabus?
• What kind of methods are used for teaching and learning?
• What are the basic techniques for teaching learners?

It seems quite funny when I am asking these questions but we can't say that there is no methodology of teaching and learning in the primitive era.  Yes, there are the methods of teaching and learning process and these are as such:

• Learning based on experience 
• Learning was natural at that era
• The process of teaching and learning is based on self-experience and analysis
• The whole environment is our subject matter
• No bondage of curriculum and syllabus
• Source method of teaching and learning was used, basically the main emphasis on the primary sources.
• Inductive cum deductive technique was used for teaching

Now let's analyse what progress we have done since that primitive era:

• Natural learning is now nowhere
• Curriculum and syllabus centric approach
• No emphasis on the self-acquired experience
• Much importance to the secondary sources of teaching and learning
• The subject matter is very limited and time bound

Now just introspect, are we progressing or not?

   The answer will be 'No'

Because now we all are becoming artificial and learning is something which should be natural, and interesting.  

Advantages of Virtual classes

There are some advantages of Virtual classes which is discussed in the following:

·        Removal of geographical barriers (Anywhere learning):  A virtual classroom allows learners and teachers to attend a single live training session from any place in the world, provided they have a computer and Internet connection.

·     Sessions can be recorded:  If learners miss a traditional classroom-based training session, they have very little opportunity to engage in the learning experience that took place. A virtual classroom has a facility to record the session, so learners or teachers can replay it afterwards. Teachers too get an opportunity to review their own or their colleagues performance.

·       Quicker to organize:  Training can be organized more quickly than traditional classroom-based training. Classrooms and projectors do not need to be reserved; materials do not need to be distributed. The sessions are easier to schedule or reschedule since attendees will not be traveling to the venue of the session.

·   One to one communication:  In a virtual classroom environment, learners can talk to the teacher and to each other, and although this communication is not as rich in a traditional classroom, it still can help learners, since it is one to one.

·     Synchronous Learning:  In this type of learning process, students and professors connect and interact with each other in real time. This is indeed a very significant process where students get answers to their queries & questions then and there. Interaction with professors and peers makes the learning process interesting and enriching for students.

·       Live Audio-Video Support: 

Audio and video support both contributes towards the e learning process in virtual classroom. Various tools are available for text-based chat- verbal interaction through audio conferencing and sharing of one’s own video through web-camera. Professors can share their audio and video, thus establishing one-to-one relation with students. This builds confidence in students about the pedagogy methods and allows professors to communicate effectively with the students. Moreover, the students asking questions can share their videos with the fellow students as well.

·       Session recording:  

The entire classroom session can be recorded in video format and stored in library for future reference. This feature is extremely useful, especially for absent students, who can review the recordings later and understand the concepts elaborated by the professors. Moreover, the students can also refer to the recordings for revision purpose, at their convenience.

·         White Board:  

White Board is an alternative to the traditional blackboard method, used as a tool for drawing graphics or diagrams in virtual classroom. It comes handy when professor wants to visually explain any abstract concept. If any student has a query, which needs some graphical explanation and the professor does not have an apt graphic for it, then even a crude diagram can be extremely beneficial for emphasizing on the concepts.

·      Sharing of Learning Resources and/or Desktop Screen:  The resource sharing feature in virtual classroom allows professors to share varied content in different formats with the students in real time while delivering lectures on various course topics. This resource sharing feature supports sharing of various file formats - MS Word, MS Excel, PowerPoint Presentations, PDF files, flash presentations, flash videos etc. While teaching, the professors can exhibit all the operations from the desk, by sharing a particular application or the entire desktop. This resource sharing feature is extremely useful for sharing various course materials like topic notes, subject diagrams or graphs, explanatory videos etc. With this type of supportive and informative course material, learning becomes interesting and gives an interactive experience.

·  Classroom Control by Professors & Active Student Participation:  

In virtual classroom when professors deliver lectures to the students while explaining or elaborating concepts, ideally one sided process of communication is followed, and students are not permitted to talk/ express themselves at the same time in order to avoid chaotic situations. Though all the participants from the virtual classroom are connected through audio and/or video conference, the participation rights are controlled by the professors. During the lectures, in case the students come across a particular doubt or query, while the professors are explaining, the students can set their status to “raise hand” which indicates that the student has a question which needs to be addressed by the professor. However, only 1 student can ask question at a time, in order to avoid confusion as well as commotion and to maintain focus and clarity on queries asked. Since the professors have the control rights, they can respond to the question or else disable the status of “raise hand” and take the question at the end of the session.

·         Multi-Level Fallback Mechanism for Class Continuation:  Virtual classroom is a web-based tool which is solely dependent on internet connectivity. If in the remotest possibilities, participants get disconnected from virtual classroom, there are various alternatives to keep the class active. The technical team operates the fallback mechanism. If the internet is intact, then with the pre-configured Skype accounts of all participants, a common Skype call is initiated to connect all participants to further carry on with the class. In case all the participants lose internet connectivity then the successive portion of the class is conducted through telephone.

·         Live Tech Support:  

With this feature, technical support representatives of the institutes or corporate organizations will be able to provide text based chat and live tech support to their users.

·    Increased Convenience. Without the location or time limitations of a traditional classroom, I have the freedom to absorb class content, engage with my peers on classroom topics, complete an assignment, or take an exam at a time, and for a duration, that best fits my schedule.

·         Schedule Flexibility. 

The ease of accessibility of an online learning platform gives me the opportunity to work and take classes at the same time, so I can attend class no matter what my work schedule for the week looks like.

·         Knowledge Retention. 

For me, online instruction delivers a more effective learning experience due to interactive modules, narrated online textbooks, multimedia tools, and knowledge checks that can be repeated until the concept is mastered. These repetitive learning tools help me retain the information I learn while helping me stay focused and on-task on the learning objective at hand.

·         Immediate Feedback. 

Instead of waiting weeks to receive a score on an assignment or exam I can read and review comments on assignments as they become available, and receive scores for online tests and quizzes upon completion. These online progress reports help keep me informed on my academic performance so I can stay on track to obtain the grade I want.

·         Increased Participation & Engagement. 

Interestingly enough, I’ve found that online correspondence with my peers and instructor is faster and more helpful than face to face conversation on important course topics. The interactive comment and share features help me engage with and connect to my classmates. 

      Instead of sitting in a classroom at the same location, time, and days each week I can login into an online learning platform that connects me to my course content, classmates, and academic performance anywhere, anytime, making it easier for me to learn on my schedule. Important course content is available at my fingertips, and communication with my classmates is faster, and more efficient through live virtual discussion boards where I can read and respond to my peers questions, thoughts, and responses to what they’ve learned instantaneously.

Scope of Virtual Classroom: 

Since the 1990s, we have been hearing that virtual classroom is the next big thing.  However, it has taken a while for it to reach the level that was predicted them.  Earlier these were a lot of things that were missing from the eco-system.  But now due to the advancement of technology and information processing the scope of virtual classroom is increased day by day.

·         Boost in the field of technology:  Because of the new inventions in the field of technology these days’ people starts thinking of education out of the box and people are more willing to use technology in the field of education.  Many educational institutions now starts taking interest to provide education through virtual classes because it is less expensive and more suitable to the masses because of its accessibility.

·         Adopting IT culture in the field of Education:  With the enhancement of e-learning these days students and working people are now much interested in e-learning or in virtual classes because now our society is adopting the IT culture in the field of education and now technology is not considered as barrier rather it has been considered as Bridge towards the gateway of knowledge.

·         Distance learning:  Now virtual classrooms are also very much helpful for distance learning.  The students of distance learning can easly access to the different educational activities.  With the help of it they can enhance their knowledge regarding their subject.

      Thus we can say that virtual classes have a big scope in the field of education because of its accessibility and approachability to the lesson.

Activities:  There are two different categories, i.e. unsupervised activities and teacher led session.

·         Unsupervised Activity:  Unsupervised activities that the virtual classroom setting can have their benefits and drawbacks.  Some of the benefits include the ability to accommodate participants with unusual schedules due to the 24/7 availability.  Another benefit of this structure is that it allows participants the opportunity to move at their own pace.  But an obvious drawback is that unsupervised activities don’t allow the student access to immediate feedback or answers from a live person.

•    Power- Point slide
• Multiple choice surveys.
• Websites
• Live application, such as word and Excel.
• Online video source.
• Tutorials.
• Flash Presentations.

·         Teacher led activities:  These activities are those in which the teachers give instruction to the learners and learner did everything under the supervision of teacher or tutor.  With the help of web- phones and online video source teacher led activities can be possible e.g.

•      Providing instructions through web-phones.
• Correcting the learner or guiding toward a desirable response.
• Online video source.
• Tutorials.

     Thus from the above discussion we can conclude that virtual classrooms are very much helpful for us for enhancing the scope of education.  It helps to provide wide platform to the teachers as well as the learners.  It is just because of Virtual classrooms that the Distance and e-learning can become more interesting. 

Programming your mind for success | Carrie Green | TEDxManchester

Sajjan The Robber (A Power Point Presentation)

Thank You.